Heredity, the Environment and Development Essay Example for Free

Heredity, the Environment and Development Essay The study of genetics has grown out of a desire to understand how exactly the individual comes to be just that, an individual different from its peers. In order to comprehend the scope of possible outcomes and how they came to be behavioral genetics looks at a number of variables; these include the impact of our genes (nature), and our environment (nurture). A countless number of hypotheses were put to the test through research to analyze the degree of influence of each. In this paper, team A will discuss the methods of behavioral genetics, the various research techniques used, their testing populations and why used, along with proposed answers and explanations. Behavioral GeneticsBehavioral geneticists uses family, twin and adoption studies as a basis for their argument of individual differences (Lerner, Bearer, Garcia, Coll, 2004). A significant contributor to studies in behavioral genetics, provides this definition: Behavioral genetics is the genetic study of behavior, which includes quantitative genetics (twin and adoption studies) as well as molecular genetics (DNA studies) of human and animal behavior broadly defined to include responses of the organism from responses measured in the brain such as functional neuro-imaging to self-report questionnaires (Plomin,2004). Read more:  Influences that affect childrens development essay One of the first twin studies was conducted by Bouchard in 1979 when he found a set of monozygotic twins, babies from a fertilized egg that splits into two. The babies were separated at a few weeks old. The babies had many physiological and psychological similarities. Since Bouchards initial study it has been proven that, while monozygotic twins raised together have many similarities, those separated at an early age have an even greater likeness. Since twins being raised together are more likely to highlight their differences in order to maintain some element of independence, behavioral geneticists argue that this indicates a strong genetic underpinning in human development (Plomin, 2004). Research conducted by Grilo and Pogue-Geile (1991) correlated the familial relationships with extroversion. The study included monozygotic twins reared together and apart, dizygote twins reared together and apart, biological parents and children, biological siblings, adoptive parents and children and  unrelated siblings reared together. The results reflected that the highest correlation was between monozygotic twins raised together and apart. The lowest correlation was between unrelated siblings raised together. For behavioral geneticists, these results conclude that genetics are at work in determining the extroversion of a person. Behavioral geneticists suggest reasonable doubt in assuming connections between psychological environments and developmental results may be genetically arbitrated and that the environment a person is in responds to the genetically influenced characteristics (Plomin, 2004). The genetic association between parent and child is useful to examine. For example, †¦differences in parenting can be the genetic effect rather than the environmental cause of childrens psychopathology (Plomin, 2004, p. 345). The results of the twin, adoption and family studies support these assumptions. The Correlation of Heredity and EnvironmentThe nature versus nurture controversy exists because some people believe that a persons genetics has the greatest impact on their personality, intelligence and behavior. On the flipside, some people believe that the environment has more of an impact. Behavior geneticists assume that behavior is influenced by the relations of heredity and environment. With the help of twin studies, and adoption studies researchers are working on understanding what molds a person into the individual he or she is today. Twin studies, using identical twins, are conducted to understand how biology influences traits and psychopathology in humans whose genotypes are the same (Haimowitz, n.d.).Twin studies also use fraternal twins who share half of the genes they acquire at conception which helps to compare the degrees of genetic influence such as intelligence and personality. Adoption studies take a look to see if adoptive children exhibit the behavioral and psychological traits of their adoptive parents, or those of their biological parents (Haimowitz). Any links to biological parents can be attributed to genetics, and any connection to adoptive parents can be  attributed to environment. Heredity-Environment correlations can be shown in three ways. One is the passive genotype-environment correlations. Passive genotype-environment correlation exists when a childs biological parents are raising him or her (MacDonald, n.d.). An example of this situation could be Anas parents having the genetic predisposition to be intelligent and read skillfully leading one to believe that Ana will more than likely share these skills. Evocative Genotype-Environment Correlation occurs when a childs genotype provokes a specific type of physical or social environment (MacDonald, n.d.). An example of this type of correlation: Andrew is artistic, and outgoing, he will elicit encouragement to try out for plays. Sheena is very athletic and competitive; she will be encouraged to go out for sports. Active genotype-Environment Correlations emerge when a child seeks out environments he or she will find compatible and stimulating (MacDonald, n.d.). An example could be that a child like Matilda, who has a gift of music, will seek a musical environment where she can expand on her talent. Scientist researching how genetics influences academic achievements show three ways heredity and environment could possibly be correlated. The three ways in which Meredith Phillips and a team of colleagues found genetics and environment to be correlated are passive correlation, active correlation, and reactive correlation. Passive correlation: genes influence both a childs environment and heredity (Phillips, Brooks-Gunn, Crane, Duncan, Klebanov, n.d.,  ¶ 3). Active correlation: genes influence the environments that a child seeks out (Phillips et al.,  ¶ 3). Reactive correlation: environments react differently to people with different genetic profiles (Phillips et al.,  ¶ 3). In passive correlation if a parent is the type of person whom enjoys reading, the love for reading could be transferred to the child from the parent reading to the child frequently. The child will already have the genetics from the parents. My son enjoys music I would like to think he received that from me because of my interest in music. He hears a great deal of music when at home therefore, the music rich environment my son is placed in has an influence on his musical achievements. Combined with the genetic aspect of my love for music and his fathers love for music the affect of his music rich environment causes a stronger influential desire to be involved in music. In active correlation, the child has genetic influences from the parent reading to him or her. When the child voices the desires for the parent to read to him or her, the parent enjoying the reading ultimately influences the child by reading to the child. The child requesting stories to be read is the incentive the parent has to continue the process along with the parents love for reading. Reactive correlation was described as genetics affecting the childs physical features with the childs features being judged by peers. The views of the childs peers are voiced and in the process the childs academic achievements are effected. The childs environment can put him or her under a certain labels. In this situation genetics affects the views of the childs peers and the environment combined with genetics can have a negative affect on the childs academics. Definition of Shared and Non-shared Environmental ExperiencesBeyond genetics, each individual has a unique personality that is based on a blending of their shared and non-shared experiences in life. Shared environmental experiences are those which the majority of the world encounters. Shared experiences can occur differently by culture, but generally adhere to a specific social clock or a set of age norms that defines a sequence of normal life experiences (Boyd Bee, p. 10). For American culture think of the traditions of school, watching a baseball game, having a BBQ, getting married, having children, working and retiring as relative shared norms that all, or most of us, encounter. Of course, non-shared experiences are different for each of us; these are categorized as individual experiences. Individual or non-shared experiences  can be influenced by race, socioeconomic status, and other social factors (Boyd Bee, 2006, p. 36). These individual differences can also be related to school, relationships, marriage and childbirth and the unique perspective that each person has. Each individual thinks much differently and so the way that they perceive and interact in the world will make their experiences, shared and non-shared, unique to them. Role Played by Shared and Non-shared Environmental Experiences DevelopmentThe importance that shared and non-shared experiences have in development is that they help shape our personal development as well as our social development. If in fact, each person encounters shared experiences in accordance with the norm expected, they are more likely to fit in culturally and have a higher understanding of appropriate and healthy relationships. Likewise, with non-shared experiences if interactions each person has with their parents and peers, and in his or her independent life, is healthy they will know themselves internally and process environmental factors that occur around them in a healthy manner. If the shared and non shared experiences of an individual do not go according to the norms of society it will be more difficult for them to develop into healthy adults who function both independently and interdependently at appropriate levels. (Boyd Bee, 2006, p. 36) In conclusion, behavioral geneticists have used a wide array of approaches to their research in developmental theories. Through the use of identical twins a great deal of information has been acquired on the basis of both genetics and environment. The strongest proponent of this argument was shown to be the case of identical twins separated at birth exhibiting very similar characteristics even though they had not been raised in the same environment. Corresponding research which also strengthens this argument shows that adoptive children exhibit very few of the characteristics of their adoptive parents. It seems safe to say that genetics lay the foundation of behavior with environment and individual experience capable of exhibiting some influence beyond that. References Boyd, D., Bee, H. (2006). Lifespan Development. Retrieved from http://ecampus.phoenix.eduGrilo, C. M., Pogrue-Geile, M. F. (1991). The Nature of Environmental Influences on Weight and Obesity: A Behavior Genetic  Analysis [White paper]. Retrieved from National Institute of Health: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.govHaimowitz, A. G. (n.d.). Heredity versus Environment: Twin, Adoption, and Family. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/haimowitz.htmlLerner, R. M., Bearer, E. L., Garcia, , Coll, C. G. (2004). Nature and Nurture: the Complex Intereplay if Genetic and Environmental Influences on Human Behavior and Development. . Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=iFriCJCTsx4Cprintsec=frontcoverMacDonald, K. (n.d.). PSYCHOLOGY 361: BEHAVIOR GENETICS. Retrieved April 21, 2009 , from http://www.csulb.edu/~kmacd/361Notes2.htmlPhillips, M., Brooks-Gunn, J., Crane, J., Duncan, G. J., Klebanov, P. (n.d.). How Might Genetic Influences on Academic Achievement Masquerade as Environmental Influences?. Retrieved April 22, 2009, from http://www.children.smartlibrary.org/NewInterface/segment.cfm?segment=2606Plomin, R. (2004). Genetic and Developmental Psychology. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 50(3), 341-352. Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/merrill-palmer_quarterly/v050/50.3polmin.html

Effect of Financial Development on the Mauritius

Effect of Financial Development on the Mauritius Chapter One Introduction The introduction chapter of this dissertation provides the justification and purpose of the study, explains the research problem itself, defines the research objectives and highlights the scope of the study. Background to the research Policymakers and financial experts usually acknowledge that financial development- that is, a well-functioning financial system contributes to economic growth. A well-organised financial system can encourage economic growth through several channels by providing effective financial institutions and markets that help to overcome market resistance introduced by information asymmetries and transaction costs. Empirical studies on the link between financial development and economic growth have been analysed mostly by cross country cases until lately because of lack of enough time series data for developing countries. These researches have shown regularly that financial development is an important determinant of economic growth. However, even though the conclusion of these studies provides an appropriate guideline for the finance-growth nexus, it cannot be applied to all economies, as each specific country is regulated by its own financial institutions and policies. In this dissertation we are going to analyse the finance-growth relationship for one country only, Mauritius). The island of Mauritius is a fascinating country to study, because Mauritius over the past four decades have evolved from a mono-crop economy, depending on the production of sugar-cane to a mixed economy, pushed by export-oriented manufacturing, tourism and hospitality and the more recent developing sectors financial services and Information Communication and Technology. Mauritius is considered an upper middle income group in the Sub-Saharan Africa (developing only). It has been upgrading its position in international indexes for the rule of law (first in the Sub-Sahara Africa on rule of law index), investment (14th worldwide on the ease of starting a business and the strength of investor protection) and ease of doing business (ranking 19th of 183 countries on the 2012 Doing Business Index). Since the late 1980s, the financial sector has been transformed to become the fourth pillar of the Mauritian economy, with the set up of the Stock Exchange in 1989 and the Financial Services Commission in 2001. Mauritius has created various bodies to regulate the financial sector in its various aspects and substantial efforts have been made to revamp the legislative framework in the non-banking financial services sector by introducing amendments and new pieces of legislation. On a macroeconomic level Mauritius has also been doing well in the light of the world crisis in recent years. The government of Mauritius has attempted to mitigate the negative consequences of the global economic crisis through an appropriate policy mix. Thus, as the financial sector has a very important role to play in the development of the economy, this means that we have a good database for sufficient number of years to tackle this study. Purpose of the study Researches in the finance-growth nexus have been mainly on whether financial development has a positive effect on economic growth in Mauritius. In this context, we have tried to go deeper in this study by empirically analysing the co integration and causal link between financial development and economic growth in Mauritius and determining the effect of financial development and economic growth on each other by applying impulse response functions and variance decomposition techniques. The study analyses the effect of financial development on economic growth in Mauritius and covers the period 1981 to 2012. The period coincides with the rapid growth of the financial services sector in Mauritius in the 1980s, and is sufficiently long and allows comparison with other studies. Aims, Objectives, Research Questions and hypotheses Research objectives The main aim of this study is to determine the effect of financial development on economic growth for Mauritius. The following specific objectives will be answered: To investigate whether the increase in domestic credit to the private sector to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has led to improvement in GDP per capita. To investigate whether the increase in GDP per capital has led to the increase in domestic credit to the private sector to GDP. The long run and short run relationship between economic growth and financial development. The response of domestic credit to the private sector to GDP to shocks from the different variables used in the study The response of GDP to shocks from the different variables used in the study. Research questions Throughout this study we will try to find solutions to the following questions: Does financial development lead to economic growth in Mauritius or does economic growth lead to financial development? Is there a bi-directional causality between financial development and economic growth in the short-run and long-run? Research hypotheses Research Hypotheses considered in the study: H0: The financial development and economic growth indicators are not stationary H1: The financial development and economic growth indicators are stationary H0: There is no co integration equation among the variables used in the study H1: There is co integration equation among the variables used in the study H0: There is short run causality running from independent variables to dependent variables H1: There is no short run causality running from independent variables to dependent variables, which means that there is long run causality. Scope of the study The study examines the relationship between financial development and economic growth in Mauritius and covers the period 1981 to 2012. The period starts almost in the same time that the economy of Mauritius was undergoing reforms in the financial sector with the creation of the Stock Exchange of Mauritius and later on the creation of the Financial Services Commission. Overall structure of the dissertation This dissertation has been organized into five chapters. The first chapter was an introduction to the proposed research. The second chapter will provide some relevant details on the financial development and economic growth in Mauritius. The third chapter will perform a review of theoretical concepts and empirical tests conducted worldwide concerning the financial development and economic growth with special attention to developing countries. The fourth chapter will describe the methodology to be used for the proposed study, the data gathering process together with analysis performed on same and the results will be interpreted graphically with discussions. The fifth and final chapter will draw conclusions from the study with some practical recommendations. REFERENCES Akinboade, O. A. (1998), ‘Financial Development and Economic Growth in Botswana: A Test for Causality’, Savings and Development, 22(3), 331-348. Allen, D.S and L. Ndikumana (2000), ‘Financial Intermediation and Economic Growth in Southern Africa’, Journal of African Economies, vol.9, no 2, pp. 132-160. Arestis, P. and Demetriades, P. O. (1997), ‘Financial development and economic growth: Assessing the evidence’, Economic Journal 107(442), 783–99. Blackburn K., and V.T.Y. Hung (1996), ‘A Theory of Growth, Financial Development and Trade’, Economica, vol. 65, pp. 107-124. Christopoulos, D.K. and Tsionas, E.G. (2004). ‘Financial development and economic growth: evidence from panel unit root and cointegration tests’, Journal of Development Economics,Vol. 73 No. 1, pp. 55-74. Choe, C. and I. A. Moosa (1999), ‘The Financial System and Economic Growth: The Korean Experience’, World Development, vol. 27, no.6, pp. 1069-1082. De Gregorio, J. and Guidotti, P. (1995), ‘Financial Development and Economic Growth’, World Development, 23, 434-48 Demetriades, P. and Hussein K. A. (1996), ‘Does Financial Development Cause Economic Growth’, Journal of Development Economies, vol. 51, pp. 387-411. Demetriades, P.O., Andrianova, (2004), ‘Finance and Growth: What We Know and What We Need to Know. In: Financial Development and Growth: Explaining the Links’. C. A. E. Goodhart (Eds). Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke, pp. 38-65. Goldsmith, R. (1969), Financial Structure and Development, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. Greenwood, J. and Jovanovic B. (1990), ‘Financial Development, Growth and the Distribution of Income’, Journal of Political Economy, vol.34, pp. 1076-1107. Johannes, T. and Cletus, A. (2011). ‘ Financial Development and Ecxonomic Growth in Cameroon, 1970-2005’, Journal of Economics and International Finance Vol.3(6), pp.367-375, June 2011. Jordan, S. and Qi J.(2006),’Does Financial Development ‘Lead’ Economic Growth? The Case of China’, Annals of Economics and Finance 1,197-216. Jung, W. S. (1986), ‘Financial Development and Economic Growth: International Evidence’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol. 34, pp. 333-346. King, R. and Levine, R. (1993b), ‘Finance and growth: Schumpeter might be right’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 108 No. 3, pp. 717-37. Levine, R., 1997, ‘Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda’, Journal of Economic Literature, 32(2). Levine, R., Loayza, N. and Beck, T. (2000a), ‘Financial intermediation and growth: causality and causes’, Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 46, pp. 31-77. Levine, R., Loayza, N. and Beck, T. (2000b), ‘Finance and the sources of growth’, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 58, pp. 261-300. Lucas, R.E. (1988), ‘On the Mechanics of Economic Development’, Journal of Monetary Mankiw N.G, D. Romer, D.H. Weil (1992), ‘A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 107. McKinnon, R.I. (1973), Money and Capital in Economic Development, Washington DC: The Brookings Institution. McKinnon, R. (1991), The Order of Economic Liberalization: Financial Control in the Transition to a Market Economy, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Economics, vol. 22, pp. 3-42. Meier, G. M. (1991), ‘Leading Issues in Economic Development’, 4th edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nowbutsing, B., Ramsohok, S. and Ramsohok, K. (2010),’A Multivariate Analysis of Financial Development and Growth in Mauritius: New Evidence’, Global Journal of Human Social Science, Vol.10 issue 1 (Ver 1.0) Pack, H. (1994), ‘Endogenous Growth Theory: Intellectual Appeal and Empirical Shortcomings’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.8, no1 Patrick, H. (1966), ‘Financial Development and Economic Growth’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol.XIV, pp.451-65. Romer, P.M. (1986), ‘Increasing Returns and Long-run Growth’, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 94, pp.1002-1037. Romer, D. (1996), Advanced Macroeconomics, Berkeley: University of California. Rousseau, P.L. and P. Wachtel (1998), ‘Financial Intermediation and Economic Performance: Historical Evidence from Unobservable Components Models’, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 42, pp.387-425. Seetanah, B. (2007), ‘Financial development and economic growth: a VECM approach’, The Icfai Journal of Bank Management, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 7-16. Seetanah, B., Ramessur, T. S. and Rojid, S. (2008), ‘Financial development and economic growth: New evidence from sample of island economies’, Journal of Economic Studies, Vol.36 No2,2009, pp124-134. Seetanah, B. (2010), ‘Stock Market Development and Economic Growth in Developing countries: Evidence from Panel VAR framework’. Schumpeter, J. A. (1934), ‘The Theory of Economic Development’, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. First published in Germany, 1912. Shaw, E. S. (1973), Financial Deepening in Economic Development, New York: Oxford University Press. Solow, R.M. (1956), ‘A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 70, no. 1. Swan, T.W. (1956), ‘Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation’, Economic Record, vol.32, no. 2. Wachtel, P. (2001), ‘Growth and Finance –What do We Know and How do We Know it?’ In International Finance. World Bank (2012). ‘Global Financial Development Report 2013: Rethinking the Role of the State in Finance.’ World Bank, Washington, DC (http://www.worldbank.org/financialdevelopment). Xu, Z. (2000), ‘Financial development, investment and growth’, Economic Inquiry, Vol. 38, pp. 331-44. WEBSITES Definition of Endogenous Growth Theory (2014).[Internet] Available from [Accessed 21 June 2014] Definition of Financial Intermediary (2014).[Internet] Available from [Accessed 22 June 2014] Definition of Solow-Swan Model (2014).[Internet] Available from [Accessed 1 July 2014] Fact sheet on Mauritius (2012). [Internet] Available from http://www.ninetyeastfinancial.com/articles/page.php?id=1022 [Accessed 1 July 2014] Mauritius Transformation Profile (2014). [Internet] Available from http://africantransformation.org/2014/02/07/mauritius/ [Accessed 21 September 2014] Mauritius: the Global Business Sector (2010). [Internet] Available from http://www.ifcreview.com/restricted.aspx?articleId=992areaId=32# [Accessed 21 September 2014]

Standardized Testing Essay -- Standardized Testing Essays

Standardized Testing President Bush is promoting annual standardized testing for all students in grades three through eight in order to assess their academic achievements. This bill is currently being considered in Congress, and has garnered much support from individuals in the community. As of right now, fifteen states test students in those grades, and more than twenty have high school exit exams. Exit exams look only at the test score of a student, not at his or her academic achievements throughout High School, and in many cases, people are either over- or underrepresented by their test scores. This occurs partly because America does not currently have the capabilities of fairly scoring the increasing number of tests, even though the companies creating and scoring the tests enjoy a large profit. The number of companies creating these tests is pitifully small. Adding to the lack of validity of the scores of these tests is the fact that many students today are not native English speakers, and their capabilities could be grossly underestimated by these types of exams, and there is a strong racial bias involved in most major tests. But, the biggest and most troubling problem with standardized testing is how it affects the learning that takes place in the classroom. This leads to the question of just how standardized we want our schools to be. Standardized tests are nothing but hurtful, and America should make a move away from them, especially since they are expensive and ineffective. We cannot expect to solve the problems in our educational system this way. We want our children to leave school with knowledge and understanding that will allow them to be successful. That is not currently the case. ... ...l only be a loose assessment of the criteria and not of the school, students or teachers, it would not be a major crisis if the tests were not representative of the students’ knowledge. That is a far more acceptable option than one of watching capable students being denied diplomas or college educations due to exams that they did poorly on. It is not in America’s best interest to pass the proposal to require standardized testing at elementary school levels, or to force students to pass exit exams to earn their diplomas. If we wish for our children to be informed, educated, and ready to survive on their own in the real world, we need to give them the tools that will get them there. These tests are not accurate, and they are detrimental to the education of children. There should be no debate over how our representatives in Congress should vote on this bill.

Banquo as the Victim of Shakespeares Macbeth :: Macbeth essays

Banquo as the Victim of Macbeth      Ã‚   The reader finds in Shakespeare's Macbeth that the cunning and machinations of evilly inclined people do not pay off. On the other hand, the progeny of the honest will rule the kingdom. This paper is the story of Banquo the innocent.    Blanche Coles states in Shakespeare's Four Giants that Banquo is "a man to be feared" by Macbeth:    Besides Lady Macbeth, the one who knows how much Macbeth is acting is Banquo. In the scene where Banquo is starting for his afternoon ride, the conversation between the new King and his "chief guest" is artificial on both sides. In pretending that he is about to seek advice from Banquo, Macbeth [. . .] is relying on the security of his office to prevent a contradiction from Banquo. A few lines farther on he says that his fears in Banquo sink deep. In the long soliloquy, beginning "To be thus is nothing," he reflects that Banquo would dare a great deal, and yet his daring is accompanied by a certain wisdom that would guide him to act safely. So he is a man to be feared. (56-57)    In Everybody's Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies, Maynard Mack explains how the Bard upgraded the Holinshed version of Banquo:    His [King James] family, the Stuarts, claimed descent from Banquo, and it is perhaps on this account that Shakespeare departs from Holinshed, in whose narrative Banquo is Macbeth's accomplice in the assassination of Duncan, to insist on his "royalty of nature" and the "dauntless temper of his mind" (3.1.50). Many critics see a notable compliment to James in the dumb show of kings descending from Banquo ("What, will the line stretch out to th' crack of doom?" (186)    Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare comment that Banquo is a force of good in the play, set in opposition to Macbeth:    Banquo, the loyal soldier, praying for restraint against evil thoughts which enter his mind as they had entered Macbeth's, but which work no evil there, is set over against Macbeth, as virtue is set over against disloyalty.   (792)    In Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye explains the rationale behind Banquo's ghost in this play:    Except for the episode of Hercules leaving Antony, where mysterious music is heard again, there is nothing really supernatural in Shakespeare's tragedies that is not connected with the murder of the order-figures. Banquo as the Victim of Shakespeare's Macbeth :: Macbeth essays Banquo as the Victim of Macbeth      Ã‚   The reader finds in Shakespeare's Macbeth that the cunning and machinations of evilly inclined people do not pay off. On the other hand, the progeny of the honest will rule the kingdom. This paper is the story of Banquo the innocent.    Blanche Coles states in Shakespeare's Four Giants that Banquo is "a man to be feared" by Macbeth:    Besides Lady Macbeth, the one who knows how much Macbeth is acting is Banquo. In the scene where Banquo is starting for his afternoon ride, the conversation between the new King and his "chief guest" is artificial on both sides. In pretending that he is about to seek advice from Banquo, Macbeth [. . .] is relying on the security of his office to prevent a contradiction from Banquo. A few lines farther on he says that his fears in Banquo sink deep. In the long soliloquy, beginning "To be thus is nothing," he reflects that Banquo would dare a great deal, and yet his daring is accompanied by a certain wisdom that would guide him to act safely. So he is a man to be feared. (56-57)    In Everybody's Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies, Maynard Mack explains how the Bard upgraded the Holinshed version of Banquo:    His [King James] family, the Stuarts, claimed descent from Banquo, and it is perhaps on this account that Shakespeare departs from Holinshed, in whose narrative Banquo is Macbeth's accomplice in the assassination of Duncan, to insist on his "royalty of nature" and the "dauntless temper of his mind" (3.1.50). Many critics see a notable compliment to James in the dumb show of kings descending from Banquo ("What, will the line stretch out to th' crack of doom?" (186)    Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare comment that Banquo is a force of good in the play, set in opposition to Macbeth:    Banquo, the loyal soldier, praying for restraint against evil thoughts which enter his mind as they had entered Macbeth's, but which work no evil there, is set over against Macbeth, as virtue is set over against disloyalty.   (792)    In Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye explains the rationale behind Banquo's ghost in this play:    Except for the episode of Hercules leaving Antony, where mysterious music is heard again, there is nothing really supernatural in Shakespeare's tragedies that is not connected with the murder of the order-figures.

A Problem for the Aviation Industry Essay -- Aviation

Section 217: A Problem for the Aviation Industry On a cold February evening in 2009, just outside the city of Buffalo, New York, two pilots crashed a new aircraft on final approach to land into Buffalo Niagara International Airport. In an effort to prevent an accident of a similar nature from happening, the U.S. Congress passed H.R. 5900, the ‘Airline Safety and Federal Aviation Administration Extension Act.’ This bill under Title II was aimed to enhance airline safety and in part prevent an accident of this nature from occurring again (U.S. House 2010). Section 217 of the bill pushes the minimum hours required to act as a pilot on a regional carrier up to 1,500 total flight hours and requires those persons to do an extensive Air Transport Pilots examination (U.S. House 2010). Although some parts of this law encourage safety, it has the potential to cripple the aviation industry. This is so because of the predicted shortage of pilots in the coming years, lost interest of young pilots, potential higher prices for consu mers, and loss of jobs. The view that there is a pilot shortage impending has been echoed by many including Louis Smith, president of FLTOps, a website geared towards finding pilots jobs and providing assistance in rà ©sumà © building. He states, â€Å"Pilot hiring was severely depressed in the last three years. The next ten years will be the exact opposite, with the longest and largest pilot hiring boom in the history of the industry" (Jones). This predicted pilot shortage within the next few years is brought on by several reasons: the retiring of older pilots from major U.S. carriers, the moving of many pilots to Asia and the Middle East, and the increasing traffic in the United States to coincide with a growth of the ... ...24 Feb. 2012. Jones, Charisse. "Demand for airline pilots set to soar." Usa today. USA TODAY, 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2012. Lowy, Joan. "Airlines oppose law increasing pilot flight hours." USA TODAY Travel Network 14 Oct. 2010. Web. 08 Mar. 2012. Sullenberger, Chesley. Interview with CBS This Morning. "FAA proposes new rules for co-pilots." Breaking News Headlines: Business, Entertainment & World News - CBS News, 28 Feb. 2012. Web. 5 Mar. 2012. United States. National Transportation Safety Board. â€Å"Loss of control on approach, Colgan Air, Inc. operating as Continental Connection Flight 3407, Bombardier DHC-8-400, N200WQ Clarence Center, New York, February 12, 2009.†, 2010. Web. 4 Feb. 2012. U.S. House. 2010. Airline Safety and Federal Aviation Administration Extension Act of 2010. US 111th Cong., 2nd sess. R. Doc. 3. Washington: GPO, 1 Aug. 2010. Web. 7 Mar. 2012.

Nursing in Alabama

The focal point of this paper is to look into the aspects of nursing profession in Alabama. Nursing profession in Alabama could be regarded as a profession that is on a high note lately. In 2000 it was reported that there are about 41,500 nurses in Alabama who are legally licensed as RN or registered nurses. It is also reported that at current date there are about 85% of these nurses who are actively on the go with their profession and are employed with different agencies and institutions. This number is about 34,000 as on 2000. One interesting observation about the profession of nursing in Alabama is that the population per 100000 consist 765 registered nurses. This is lower than the national rate as it is 780 per 100000 people. (Sen, 2001) In the same year, 2000, the state of Alabama ranked quite well at 10 under the parameter of employment of vocational or licensed practical nurses among other states.   However, it should also be looked after that out of a population per 100000 individuals the total number of licensed practical nurses was 330. This was much higher than the national rate of licensed practical nurse at it stands at 240 per 100000 individuals. But when it comes to total number of licensed practical nurses Alabama scores average at 19th with the sum total being 15000 workers.   However, it should be mentioned that the number of nurse practitioners in 2000 in the state of Alabama was 1400 which is almost at par with the national index of nurse practitioners. . (Sen, 2001) Though it is true that Nursing salaries, like physician salaries, vary by experience, location and specialization it should be noted that on an average a nurse can earn $10-$20 per hour in Alabama, with an additional housing subsidy and this pay can get even higher in areas of high living like Chicago San Francisco or New York. It has been estimated that this amount can rise for traveling nurses to $24-$35 per hour and is almost double the amount of the average stationary nurse. For records, California offers the most number of jobs for traveling nurses. However, it should also be mentioned that the profession of traveling nurse is short termed and a part time job. Usually sums up to 3-4 months in a year or for 45 days on an average out of a year of 365 days. (Mukherjee, 2004) Education is a vital aspect in the field of nursing. MSN or Master of Science in Nursing Program follows a well formulated Terminal Objectives that is very relevant in both medical and administrative level. In general sense the MSN Terminal Objectives includes a general Administration-MSN Track followed by an Education or MSN Track. The next MSN Terminal Objectives that follow after these are The RN-MSN Degree and The Coordinated MSN or MBA Option followed by a Nursing Education Certificate Program. Next there is the UT Southwester Women’s Health Care Nurse Practitioner MSN Completion and The MSN-NP Degree. Shortly after this there is Admission to UT Tyler MSN, MSN or MBA, MSN or NP Programs. There is also a Policy for Non-Degree Seeking Students Procedure for Course Equivalency Determination. Last phase comes with the inclusion of MSN Progression, Thesis and Thesis or Professional Scholarship. (Roberts, 2005) The current workforce analysis of Nurses in Alabama as on 2005 was around 48,000 and at a national level this figure sums up to 1200000. In the same context it could be mentioned that the average salary of a regular nurse in Alabama is about $2500-$3000 which is practically at par with the national index of salary rate of nurses in the US. However, working conditions vary from state to state and Alabama ranks quite high in this respect positioned only second to California. Alabama provides a 7 hour per day shift with any one day in the week as off day for a nurse with free lodging available. (Anand, 2006) Training and education requirement for a nurse in Alabama include the MSN schedule and is regarded as the most essential aspect for getting a license. For sustaining this license or continuing education requirements are essential and there is always room for updated activity and a 3 week semester is available for the registered nurses per year. This semester in the on an average ranges around 2.5 weeks nationwide. However it should be noted that licenses are issued by the Alabama Authority for Care for nurses residing in Alabama whereas the central board of nursing is in based in New York under the name National Board of Registered Nurses. The licenses issued by NBRS-NY are valid all over the US. (Anand, 2006) In the context of Alabama the supply and demand curve of nurses is extremely favorable. At present there is a shortage of about 15% nurses in Alabama alone in respect to the license issued and active workforce. However, in the national context this data is more marginal as the difference between demand and supply of registered nurses is only 3.43%. (Anand, 2006) It should be remembered that the profession of nursing is a noble profession and to excel in it requires hard works with compassion and a favorable state would help this profession to flourish. The state of Alabama could be regarded as an ideal venue for nursing with its high demands.   (Podolski, 2006) References: Anand, M; (2006); US HealthCare Forum: Current Data & Analysis; IBL & Alliance Ltd. 452-461 Mukherjee, Sachin D; (2004); Thought Strategies; IBL & Alliance Ltd. 327 Podolski, V; (2006); Public Perception of Perceptions: An Approach Towards well being; IBL & Alliance Ltd. 87 Roberts, O M; (2005); Outline of Social care; National Book Trust 43 Sen, S; (2001); USA: Nursing Data; ABP Ltd. 98-101   

The Negative Effects of a Cellphone

When the first cellular phone was invented, its uses only went as far as a phone call. As time and technology advanced, so did the development of the cell phone. A basic phone today can make calls, take photos and videos and even function as a GPS. But with the advantages comes the disadvantages. The increased use of cell phones has had a negative influence on society. For example, the use of cellphones has limited socializing, the demand and costs have affected consumers negatively and they have also been a common factor in many car accidents, including fatalities. The dependency of cellphones has had a negative social effect.The cell phone is probably one of the most commonly owned devices in America. â€Å"75% of all American teens ages 12-17 own a cell phone, and 66% use their phones to send or receive text messages. † (Madden and Lenhart 2) The cell phone has become the primary source of communication for many people. The simplicity of typing a message, or making a phone call rather than relaying that message in person has resulted in a disconnect from society for many people. â€Å"Reliance on a relatively quick and cheap form of interaction means that we might dispense with the longer and more ponderous process of a personal visit. (Ling 185). So, although you may communicate more often through cellphones, the physical part of a relationship is neglected. As a result of depending on cellphones as a main source of communication one may, in a sense, forfeit a substantial portion of a much needed social life. Moreover, socializing is an acquired ability, an ability that is significant in the growth and maturation of children and teens. The over use of cellphones can impede one from fully exercising these abilities. A large number of people own and use cellphones regularly. So much so that it has become a societal norm.Almost every place one may go cell phones are practically expected of them. For example, at some doctors’ offices they offer a free texting service to remind a patient of any appointment that he or she may have. Many clothing and grocery stores offer coupons and sales alerts that can be sent directly to a mobile device. But the problem comes when not everyone can afford to keep up with what society has labeled to be â€Å"the norm. † There are many people who cannot afford to buy a phone let alone afford a phone bill every month. The cost for cellular service is xpensive and always increasing. According to a survey, â€Å"Of the 1,400 readers who responded, 80 noted their bill was between $190 and $210. On average, that group had 3. 1 phones, meaning the cost is about $65 per phone. People with bills near $250 paid $67 per phone† (Sullivan). As a result, a number of people reported that they felt the need budget and cut back in order to afford a phone bill. Unfortunately, society essentially requires people to have a cell phone, even with cut backs and budgeting, having a cell phone is not fi nancially realistic for everyone.The use of cellphones has shown to be very dangerous to drivers and their passengers. This is mainly due to the increase in texting and driving as well as the amount of phone calls made while behind the wheel. According to Madden and Lenhart, 52% of cell phone owning teens ages 16-17 say they have talked on a cell phone while driving. That translates into 43% of all American teens ages 16-17 (2). With such a high percentage of distracted drivers, the likelihood of accidents, with and without fatalities has also increased. In 2008 alone, there were 5,870 fatalities and an estimated 515,000 people were injured in police reported crashes in which at least one form of driver distraction was reported† (Madden and Lenhart 3). Every time a driver decides to use a cell phone while operating a vehicle, they are not only putting their lives in danger, but also the lives of their passengers, pedestrians, and other drivers. Since the invention of the cell phone, its uses and capabilities have become a part of an everyday American life, an everyday life which cell phones has impacted society negatively.With an increased dependency on the cell phone, society and its growth have experienced major setbacks. Socialization, personal financials, and automotive drivers have all been effected in negative ways. This is mainly because the cell phone has evolved and is now made to do nearly anything one may think of. So although the cellphone was intended to help with one’s everyday life, what seems like a good idea at first may not affect society positively in the long run.