How may conflict resolution and conflict management...

‘How may conflict resolution and conflict management approaches be applied in educational settings?’ Abstract This assignment will review the nature of conflict, from psychologist theories to what form it takes in an educational setting. In order to apply conflict resolution and conflict management effectively in an educational setting, it is important to understand the background disciplines of conflict and theories behind how humans behave in social settings. Comprehending how human behaviour initiates is the key stepping stone to resolving and managing conflict behaviour between humans. We will examine what the concept of conflict is and what†¦show more content†¦According to Plon, it did not appear in psychological works and literature until 1958, â€Å"and even there it is important to notice it arrives on stage timidly† (Plon, 1974, p391). The study of conflict within human relations became popular after the second world war and the â€Å"last moments of the cold war† (Plon, 1974, p391), possibly due to psychologists attempting to study the cause of such wars and how humans can behave in such conflicts against others. Darwin, Marx and Freud dominated the study of human behaviour in the early years of psychology, including some work which may link slightly to causations of conflict (Deutsch et al., 2006 p13). The main feature of their studies in relation to human behaviour and conflict was based on â€Å"competitive struggle† (Deutsch et al., 2006). Darwin believed all humans struggle in order to exist, and those who are the strongest – survive: â€Å"survival of the fittest† (Deutsch et al., 2006, p13). Social Darwinism denotes early theories compiled together and attempted to provide reason behind conflicts such as racism, war, sexism and class superiority (Deutsch et al., 2006, p14.). Again their studies were based on the concepts of human struggles, not solely on conflict as we know have it defined in this review. Marx work on struggle stressed that there are different divisions in society according to classes and this creates conflict. FreudShow MoreRelatedConflict Resolution and Applicability in Classrooms2375 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Conflict Resolution and Applicability in Classrooms Introduction People fail to get along because they fear each other; they fear each other because they dont know each other; they dont know each other because they have not communicated with each other. Martin Luther King, Jr. Conflict is natural its how it is handled that creates a positive or negative outcome. If handled successfully, conflict leads to positive change, communication, and a great learning experience; if handled ineffectivelyRead MorePrescriptive Approaches For Conflict Management2197 Words   |  9 PagesWhitley West Comm 463-01 – Conflict Management Prescriptive Approaches to Conflict Management: Art Therapy Through the use of arts approaches to conflict, we can observe how various approaches can help to raise our understanding of the conflict and lead to a constructive resolution. Art therapy is an effective tool for conflict resolution because it gives individuals the ability to create alternative solutions by role-playing, creative story telling/drawing, and group projects, etc. Art therapyRead MoreResearch Study- Factors Affecting Team Conflict and Performance in an Organization2612 Words   |  11 PagesConflict is a basic aspect of teamwork (Levi, 2001), since the number of decisions that a team needs to make often evokes feelings of discomfort and stress. Conflict very often arises from a clash of different working style, ideas, interests, needs, and wants. With respect to these clashes, the literature describes two levels of conflict: relationship and task. Relationship related conflicts are based on relationship with team members, when team members have interpersonal in compatibility (StewartRead MoreGlobal Management Skills2761 Words   |  12 Pages2010 Global Management Skills and Training Globalization has flattened our borders and increased our opportunities for trade, participating in joint ventures or establishing foreign direct investments in other countries. Unlike managing a business on US soil interacting and directing a company in a foreign country requires an advanced skill set to be successful. Those skills should include a general business education and an advanced or MBA program focused on global management highlighting aRead MoreAll About Peace Education13195 Words   |  53 Pagescommunities and groups, the training of each new generation centers on divisive issues of in-group/out-group differentiations, intergroup conflict and ongoing preparation for defense and war against real and perceived enemies. The universal presence of conflict and war in human history has always necessitated that priority be given to education for conflict management and war preparation, and for the preservation of the larger community, every new generation has been prepared to be sacrificed at theRead MoreAlternative Dispute Resolution Mechanism21967 Words   |  88 PagesALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION APPROACHES AND THEIR APPLICATION Yona Shamir Israel Center for Negotiation and Mediation (ICNM), Israel (Assisted by Ran Kutner) SC-2003/WS/43 The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundariesRead MoreConflict Management and Emotional Intelligence63003 Words   |  253 PagesSouthern Cross University ePublications@SCU Theses 2010 Conflict management and emotional intelligence Yu Fai Leung Southern Cross University, keith.leung.yu.fai@gmail.com Suggested Citation Leung, YF 2010, Conflict management and emotional intelligence , DBA thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW. Copyright YF Leung 2010 ePublications@SCU is an electronic repository administered by Southern Cross University Library. Its goal is to capture and preserve the intellectual Read MoreOrganization Development, a Contrast and Comparison2603 Words   |  11 PagesJ. Derr Indiana State University Abstract The purpose of this investigation is to identify three Theoretical Models of Organization Development. Provide a brief overview of these models. Finally, describe the relationship between these models and how the compare and contrast. The models the will be used are, psychoanalytical, psychodynamic, and social constructionism. These models have been chosen due to the similar context in which they are derived from. Introduction to OD Through my brief researchRead MoreStructural Family Therapy5665 Words   |  23 Pagesworking with the issue of acculturation. The studies of Minuchin and Haley are focused upon and the work of Todd (2006) is also taken into consideration. This work explores how SFT might effectively be applied by a minister of the neighborhood organization PACT and how the Christian principles might be effectively and successfully applied in the SFT therapy. STRUCTURAL FAMILY COUNSELING/THERAPY INTRODUCTION TO SFT SFT – THE FOCUS The focus of this workRead MoreAnti-Bullying Prevention Proposal6403 Words   |  26 Pagesrepresent the major stakeholders group. †¢ A group of parents whose children are currently enrolled at XYZHS and have something to gain (or lose) from being involved from the program. The role that these parents will play is to give insight on how the program is affecting their children, if at all. †¢ Various community leaders who have a vested interest in the program. Their role will be to represent the community share their outlook on the effectiveness of the program within the community

The Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2035 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/02/06 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Breast Cancer Essay Did you like this example? Knowing the pathophysiology of breast cancer is important. Breast cancer is a very popular disease in women and is also apparent in men. As a nurse its important to know what causes breast cancer, the signs and symptoms of this cancer, different treatment options and risk factors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer" essay for you Create order Its also important to know preventative measures in order for the nurse to educate the patient on what to do in order to prevent this disease. It is also important to know the morbidity and mortality of this disease. The nurse should make it her goal in order to decrease this number by teaching good preventative measures. Breast cancers are derived from the epithelial cells that line the terminal duct lobular unit, which forms part of the milk duct. Breast cancer cells remain in the basement membrane and are known as in situ or non invasive. Invasive breast cancer is when when the cancer cells spread outside of the basement membrane of the ducts and lobules, moving their way into the surrounding tissues (McCready 2004) Over 41,000 women in the Uk are diagnosed with breast cancer every year (McCready 2004.) The morbidity of the disease is breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women, with an estimated 39,600 deaths in 2002. (Ridner 2002) The etiology of breast cancer is unknown. There 11 different types of normal cell tissues after a study of 3,157 human breast tumors each of the tumors were similar to 1 of the 11 normal cell types. This means that each breast cancer cell is different and each one isnt an exact copy of the normal breast tissue. Since there isnt a clear understand of the origin of breast cancer there has yet to come to a conscious answer of how many types of breast cancer there are. (Santagata, S., Thakkar, A., Ergonul, A., Wang, B., Woo, T., Hu, R., Harrell,C., McNamara,G., Schwede,M., Culhane,A., Kindelberger,D., Rodig,S., Richardson,A., Schnitt, S., Tamimi, R.M., Ince, T. A. 2014) Some risk factors that that can’t be changed for breast cancer are being a white woman who is in the post menopausal age group which is roughly 45 and older. Another risk is if a woman started to have periods before the age of 11 and have menopause before the age 45. These patients are twice more likely to get breast cancer because they are exposed to the hormone earlier. Also the age the patient had her first child matters as well if the patient has the first child at 35 is at higher risk than a women who has a child at 20. The reason why that this is a huge risk factor is because having these at these particular times exposes the female body to more hormones than they are normally exposed to during that time. Also it is estimated that 35 percent of women in the UK that gets the cancer develop a second disease. The reproductive history play a big factor. For example 5-10 percent of women in western countries get cancer genetically and chance increases if the person had breast cancer before the age of 50. (McCready 2004). If someone doesnt have children at all or have children and dont breastfeed it could also make the prone to having breast cancer. Breastfeeding is known for having protective mechanism against breast cancer but some believe this is just due to having children and not specifically breastfeeding. Using oral contraceptives or hormone treatment put people at risk as well. If someone is to take oral contraceptives before the age of 20 than people who start at an older age. There is less of a risk with hormone replacement pills and after the first to four years of use the risk isnt there anymore The pathophysiology of breast cancer isnt determined fully yet but there are some theories about what could manifest it.Breast cancer could be caused by the BRCA1 or BRCA2. This genetic mutation makes patients more likely to get breast cancer. (McCready 2004) Once the cells start to grow rapidly it depends on which type of breast cancer tumor the patient has that could affect the growth of the tumor. The tutor would have specific biomarkers: hormone receptor, HER2 positive or triple negative. Her2 -positive tumors tend to grow very fast and are normally more aggressive whereas the other types grow at a slower pace (Mahon, palmieri 2009). Which is why theres different treatment option for different people. If the cancer isnt detected early the tumor could continue to grow and spread and eventually reach other places in the body. It could reach the bone. This is caused by the interaction between the cancer and bone cells. Osteoclast and osteoblast would normally assist each other when it comes to the bone but when breast cancer is present it causes the osteoclast to become overactive. Osteoclast is what breaks down our bones so if it is overactive it will cause out bone to be broken and become more brittle faster than it could be prepared. It could spread to the liver. This could cause discomfort and pain in the live and lead to jaundice. It could spread to the lungs, depending on the size of the tumor would affect if the patient is systematic or not. It could spread to the brain but this is more common in people who were presented with a cancer that was HER 2- positive ( Beaumont 2011). When patients are in the subclinical stage most tumors are detectable by mammogram because they are very small. If the patient performs regular self breast exams they would be able to realize when they are in the prodromal phase since the patients regularly knows what the patients normal breast feels like a small bump would give them a sense of something isnt right. For a patient that doesnt normally do self breast exams or when, when the tumor is fairly large is when they realize that they are in the clinical stage. This is because they sometimes will physically be able to see the tumor because of how large it has gotten. This is due to not knowing what the patients own breasts feel like on a regular basis so those small little lumps dont mean anything cause the patient wouldnt know if its normal or abnormal. The prognosis of the disease depends on the side of the tumor and how far it has spread. It also could be based off the type of tumor it is. Normally when the tumor is in the d ucts it would be considered stage one. As the cancer cells start to grow and start to spread then the stage starts to increase as well. The signs and symptoms of breast cancer could are as follows Breast cancer could cause pitting of the nipples or of the skin. The pitting is due to inflation in the underlying tissue of the breast caused by nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat proteins (Wei,Qi, Li, Tan, Ren, Wang (2017). A lump or tumor could be palpable through the skin. The tumor is caused by a cluster of overgrown cells in a specific area that if not spotted early could spread to other parts of the breast, lymph nodes and body, (McCready 2004) The diagnostic exam for breast cancer would be a mammogram, which causes two plates to squeeze the breast tissue and if there is a lump it produces a scan which would show a white dot on the breast. After a dot is noticed on the mammogram a biopsy is then taken in order to see if the lump is benign or cancerous. When a biopsy i taken it is used along side either a mammography or an ultrasound. This is so the needle could be guided correctly into the lump. A fine needle biopsy is used for cytology and a core biopsy is used for histology. A clinical breast exam should also be done regularly. This is done by feeling the breast for any abnormalities. (McCready 2004). Breast cancer could be treated by surgery,radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy. Theres two types of surgery options. Theres breast conversion and mastectomy. Breast conversion is when they would localize the tumor and take out the tumor along with a one centimeter magin around it. A mastectomy is when the entire breast tissue is removed along with some underlying tissue. After a mastectomy most patients would be able to receive some breast reconstruction . Another option for treatment is radiotherapy. Radiotherapy would be offered to patient if they have a risk of recurrence. A patient who received a lumpectomy would receive radiation in order to prevent the recurrence since breast tissue is still present. When a patient goes for radiation they would receive treatments daily for three to five weeks. Another option would be chemotherapy. It is suggested that patients that have breast cancer receive some type of chemotherapy in order to have a better chance of survival. This is suggested because after surgery and radiotherapy some patients had micrometastatic present and the chemotherapy would get rid of them. Another type of treatment is hormone therapy. This is because most breast cancer hold onto oestrogen receptors and in the patient this will have control over the cancer cells. Tamoxifen is an anti-oestrogen drug that binds to the oestrogen receptors on breast cancer cells. This is beneficial to patients who have positive oestrogen cancer cells. This is most beneficial when a 20 mg dose is taken for five years. ( 2004) There are many different complications when it comes to breast cancer. For example some things include like swelling and tenderness of the breast. There also a lot of psychological effects that happen as well. These include fear, sadness and feelings of isolation ( 2004). This can happen when the patient has a hard time trying to go back to the life they have and thoughts of relapse can really haunt them. Another example is that after 20-30 percent off women go through body imaging and sexuality issues after a mastectomy ( 2004). Also 30 percent of women that have breast cancer end up developing an anxiety state or a depressive illness, that is 3-4 times more than the rest of population. Also there can sense of loss to a couple of things. For example a loss of health, choice, control and uncertainty of the future ( 2004). These reasons are why a nurse should be aware of the possible problems that may occur and be ready to engaged accordingly. Another complication is that Im conclusio n metastatic breast cancer is a huge issue and it needs to be careful assessed by the nurse and full medical team. It also very important for the nurse to educate the patient on any type of preventative measures so the disease would occur. Making sure to check up on the patient after the medications and going through all those procedures is very important so they dont end up with many psychological issues. References Beaumont, T., Leadbeater, M. (2011). Treatment and care of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Nursing Standard, 25(40), 49–60. Retrieved from https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=rzhAN=104646930site=ehost-live ( Beaumont 2011) Ridner SH. (2002). Breast cancer lymphedema: pathophysiology and risk reduction guidelines. Oncology Nursing Forum, 29(9), 1285–1293. https://doi.org/10.1188/02.ONF.1285-1293 (Ridner 2002) Wei, Y., Huang, H., Qiu, Z., Li, H., Tan, J., Ren, G., Wang, X. (2017). NLRP1 Overexpression Is Correlated with the Tumorigenesis and Proliferation of Human Breast Tumor. BioMed Research International, 2017, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4938473 (Wei,Qi, Li, Tan, Ren, Wang (2017) McCready T. (2004). Continuing professional development. Management of patients with breast cancer. Primary Health Care, 14(6), 41–50. Retrieved from https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=rzhAN=106655456site=ehost-live ( McCready 2004) Mahon SM, Palmieri FM. (2009). Metastatic breast cancer: the individualization of therapy. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 13, 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1188/09.CJON.S1.19-28 (Mahon, palmieri 2009) Santagata, S., Thakkar, A., Ergonul, A., Wang, B., Woo, T., Hu, R., Harrell,C., McNamara,G., Schwede,M., Culhane,A., Kindelberger,D., Rodig,S., Richardson,A., Schnitt, S., Tamimi, R.M., Ince, T. A. (2014). Taxonomy of breast cancer based on normal cell phenotype predicts outcome. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 124(2), 859–870. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI70941 (Santagata, S., Thakkar, A., Ergonul, A., Wang, B., Woo, T., Hu, R., Harrell,C., McNamara,G., Schwede,M., Culhane,A., Kindelberger,D., Rodig,S., Richardson,A., Schnitt, S., Tamimi, R.M., Ince, T. A. 2014)

The Role of a Manager - 1828 Words

THE ROLE OF A MANAGER What is a manager? According to the oxford dictionary a manager is ‘a person responsible for controlling or administering an organization or group of staff’ but is that really what a manager is? (Oxford dictionaries 2011)This is because they are many different types of managers, as well as different roles each type of manager will have to perform, in order to be efficient and achieve their desired results. Also there are managers who must possess certain character traits or skills in order to command his staff under different environments and situations such as patience, determination, motivational etc. Maybe u have wondered if the manager is actually involved in the activities of the organization and if so what†¦show more content†¦However there are three fundamental skills any manager must have in order to be a manager and they are technical, social and human and conceptual skills. First technical skills ‘relates to the application of specific knowledge, methods and skills to discrete tasks.’(Mullins, 2010:442) this means a manager must be very skilled at a specific task as this helps him to gain respect of his staff and persuade them to do certain task. This type of skill is very useful for the likes of training new or old staff and also helps with the daily operations of the production of goods. The other fundamental skill is very important as being able to secure the effective human resources is important benefactor to the organisation achieving full productive capacity. The other skill is called the social and human skill which is really the same as interpersonal skills, this consist of a various list of skills such as listening, communication, decision making, problem solving etc. Everyone knows that management and organising of work depends solely on the people that work there because without the staff the systems and procedures are meaningless. This fact is supported by the quote ‘good people management produces financial success. Companies which look after their staff on average out-perform the stock market by two or three times and there is no moral dilemma in either choosing to make money or look after people. IfShow MoreRelatedRole Of Manager : The Role Of Manager872 Words   |  4 PagesRole of Manager. Conflicts. I remember a conflict in which I were involved during my adult nursing II (med-surge) rotation at Northside Hospital. One of my colleague nurse student shared with me her concern about a procedure performed by her preceptor which was different than the procedure technique taught to us in class from the nursing book. She realized that the required steps were not fallowed, but she was afraid to make any comment to her preceptor because we were warned not to do so (conflictRead MoreRole of a Manager777 Words   |  4 PagesBHRM401 The Role of the Manager Jamaal Wilson W1412278 | Examining the extent to which the career paths of two interviewed people conform to the pattern of the Managerial Escalator. | BHRM401 The Role of the Manager Jamaal Wilson W1412278 | Examining the extent to which the career paths of two interviewed people conform to the pattern of the Managerial Escalator. | Contents Introduction 2 Findings Manager 1 3 Findings Manager 2 3 Discussion Manager 1 3 Discussion Manager 2 3 Read Moreanalyze the role of managers1077 Words   |  5 Pages A business is nothing without its required key players being the managers and upper management staff. There is a massive role that these people play in the industry. There are various levels in the chain of command. There are executive level management, Directors and managers that are for the most part the lowest ranking of managers. Some organizations have positions as team leader that are also included in the management staff. When we get in toRead MoreFunctions and Roles of Managers1527 Words   |  7 Pagesmanagers type, function and role, all managers execute some of the same fundamental functions to ensure that their business runs efficiently. The idea behind management is assisting employees in the direction of common goals. It is managements work to help assess all of the different purposes and keep them in stability. Managers work at an inexorable speed and handle a broad variety of matters throughout the day. In my opinion, managers play very important functions and role s in todays rapidly changingRead MoreRole of Financial Manager1220 Words   |  5 PagesRole of the Financial Manager The role of the financial manager has changed drastically during recent years. 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A financial manager has to decide on the type of investments that the company should undertake (Siegel ShimRead MoreRole of Case Managers985 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: ROLE OF CASE MANAGERS Role of Case Managers Carlos Michael Padilla BSHS 402: Case Management Sammye Williams-Hitchye April 13, 2009 Role of Case Managers In the Milos Forman film, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (1975), Randle Patrick McMurphy (Jack Nicholson), a recidivist criminal serving a short prison term is transferred to a mental institution due to behavioral problems. It is in that institution that McMurphy meets Nurse Ratchet (Louise Fletcher), a bullishRead MoreRoles of Managers and Individuals1274 Words   |  6 PagesRoles of Managers and Individuals Paper Tod M. Stewart MGT/426 - Managing Change in the Workplace August 26, 2013 Dr. George R. Monk, PhD Roles of Managers and Individuals Paper Change is inevitable. Change brings rebirth, renewal, an opportunity to redefine and refocus on how individuals and organizations interact within its environment. Change management seeks the acceptance and adoption of new creative and innovative ways of performing their duties. Change can come in the form of a systemsRead MoreRole of the Financial Manager1139 Words   |  5 PagesRole of the Financial Manager Paper Introduction Shareholders own companies and are therefore entitled to a return on their investments when the companies are performing well. It becomes the financial managers role to ensure that shareholders are receiving a maximum return on their investment. This project will concentrate on defining the different roles and objectives of financial managers in their attempt to maximize shareholder value. Furthermore, the viewpoint of stockholders will alsoRead MoreThe Role Of The Nurse Manager971 Words   |  4 Pages The role of the nurse manager is shifting away from an administrative one and becoming more hands on and as such; there will have to be a change in leadership style from task orientated to relationship orientated. Transformational leadership style emphasises relationship management. Relationship orientated managers, like Anne are able to increase self-efficacy and have a positive effect on individuals as well as the whole team (Nielsen et at.2009 and McGuie and Kennerlydy 2006). This is definitely

Labor Costs And Its Impact On The Workplace Essay

Labor Expenses Even with the advances in technology the increased labor cost can be a reason a problem while involving the contractors for work, since it is usually a set of workers who can be hired for the extra hours of man work to e done at the plant. Or it could be the case where the part of a work that can be outsourced to a different location and the remaining part of production can be done simultaneously. Amgis had to face such a problem of increased production, but because of strict labor laws and union rules the company was not in a position to hire additional permanent employees nor make the employees work overtime. This led to a decision to outsource its production to a third party vendor to compensate the requirement of increased production. This decision eventually got the company into more cost problems than what was supposed to make its original employees work overtime. This consequently also affected the profit margin of the company irrespective of the good sales turnout. The manufacturing Leverage Index calculated by subtracting the production increase percent from the percentage change of casual labor cost was in negative leverage. Which usually is a bad precedent for the company s performance for Amgis, was highlighted through the KPIs. So in order to solve the problem the Six sigma methodology was deployed. In the define phase the current process map revealed that manpower that is required based on the demand for the product. Which in other words meansShow MoreRelatedThe Similarities and Differences between Biff and Happy1188 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Cost from the Industrial Growth in China In recent years, many studies have examined the eï ¬â‚¬ects of economic development on the health and mortality of people. 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However, others believe that the costs far outweigh the benefits and that it is an invasion of privacy. Putting all ethical issues aside, evidence presented in this paper supports the latter. The costs of drug testing areRead MoreAssignment Answer992 Words   |  4 PagesAnswer – Firms and individuals determine if it’s worth it to invest in capital improvements when the marginal product of capital is more than the interest paid on each unit of capital. Similarly, when the marginal product of labor is more than the wage rate of each unit of labor, until then the firms and individuals will keep on hiring additional workers. The individual will decide to work till the point where his wage rate received is more than the tax rate paid. 2. (Shifts of Resource Demand) ARead MoreEmotional Labor : Psychological Stress1115 Words   |  5 PagesControlling feelings to perform a job is called â€Å"emotional labor†. 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Also, unions can increase pension and benefit plans when negotiating new collective bargaining agreements, continually raising this business cost. Interests the union itself may tryRead MoreTypes of Testing and the Impacts on Employers and Employees Essay example1633 Words   |  7 PagesTypes of Testing and the Impact on Employers and Employees The modern businesses entities operate in an environment that is highly competitive and dynamic. In this respect, organizations are always on the alert looking to attract the most suitable and capable personnel. Despite the fact that job seekers could have exceptional academic qualifications; employers put employees through vigorous and thorough assessments so as to assess the suitability, credibility, and the skills of the individualsRead MoreUnion vs Non-Union1321 Words   |  6 PagesUnionized and non-unionized organizations are quite different in how they regulate pay increases for employees. 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Historical Perspective of Ethics of Care Free Essays

string(115) " to us to make our own morality, in that case one is better than other, this is the matter of personal preference\." There is vague and indescribable meaning is attached with the word care, which is interchangeably used for caring, compassion, humanitarianism, altruism, beneficence, or philanthropy. â€Å"For where there is love of man (philanthropia)’, reads a famous passage in the pseudo-Hippocratic treatise Precepts (Precepts, 6),†there is also love of the art (philotechnia)[1]. The term â€Å"philanthropia’, means literally ‘Love of Mankind, original meaning of the word was the benevolence of the god for man, this is the term used for Care. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Perspective of Ethics of Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sir William Osler saw in this maxim evidence of Greek physician’s ‘love of humanity associated with the love of his craft-philanthropia and philotechnia-the joy of working joined in each one to a true love of his brother. ’[2] Plato, in the Republic (Republic, 340, C-347 A) raised a question on self- interest is the motive behind all human efforts, especially political activity. Galen, in a work entitled on the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, discusses this specific passage from the Republic, after summarizing it he mentions â€Å"Some pursue the medical art for the sake of money, others for the exemptions granted by law, certain ones on account of Philanthropia, just as others for the glory or honor attached to the art. Hellenistic and roman thoughts on philosophic and popular ethics were also influenced by the humanitarian and cosmopolitan ideas. After the for the century before Christ the word philanthropic came to used the expression of comprehensive love of mankind and a common feeling of humanity. This may be the result of Alexander’s conquest of the East or for lessening importance of individualism of the fourth century. Edelstein quotes that the morality of outward performance characteristics of the classical era was now supplemented by the inner intention. The word Philoanthropia is frequently used by Christen writers but not mentioned that often in new Testament, the word used is agape meaning ‘God is love’. There is gap between these two words as the dynamic of Ethics. Christen Philanthropy means practice of love, mercy and justice are vital element in the worship of God (Micah 6:6-8). Henry Sigerist has viewed about Christianity, he writes’ the most revolutionary and decisive change in the attitude of society towards sick. Christianity came into the world as the religion of healing, as the joyful Gospel of redeemer and of Redemption. It addressed itself to the disinherited, to the sick and afflicted, and promised them healing, a restoration both spiritual and physical. It became the duty of Christian to attend the sick and the poor of the community’. Here the word â€Å"Care’ has got its meaning. Rannan Gillion’s statement ‘Mature medical morality has since Hippocratic times incorporated at its centre a moral concern for nurturing and care for its sick patients; meeting the needs of sick patients has been the moral driving force of medical ethics since its inception. Lord Walton describes how Christianity decisively influences the Hippocratic tradition. Doctor-Patient relationship was taught all by Hippocrates, Socrates, Palto and Aristotle. The fundamental to this concept of Doctor- Patient relationship was the concept of philia, used both for the art of medicine and patient. Based on the same idea, this was further developed by the Greek doctor, the relationship developed for the patients that was first influenced first by the love of mankind and second by love of his art of medicine. Despite the belief, there was differential treatment for people based on their status, care to the patient was abstract, not the individual patient, Greeks only seemed to consider discussions on life style and cause of disease to benefit the rich, this was not appropriate for poor and slaves. This was thought that it was unethical to treat deadly disease, for this challenge nature and the doctor would risk paying the penalty. Thus in the Hippocratic tradition the doctor did not treat the incurably sick or terminally ill and he made the judgment in that no doctor would treat anyone leading an immoral life. But in Christianity love for man in nature was transformed into love for thy neighbor and doctor was to treat all patients irrespective of class, stratus, and ability to pay. The work of doctors also involved the care for all sick and consolation of the terminally ill. So Care was a prerequisite for both the development of nursing and medicine, which embraces the quit essential purpose of care. Murdoch perceives to be the warmth and coldness in the morality; it is there are Buber’s I and Thou, which has rejected by Noddings. The detached rationality of duty and responsibility is held together with the warmth of love and compassion by virtue of their meeting in God. Buber argued giant Carl Rogers, in a professional relationship, in which one partner has needs which other does not, in which one person comes for help to others, the genuineness of relationship depends upon the maturity which is greater than both partners. The relationship with care taker and giver can be temporary and unequal, necessary detachment is its strength . security and protection for the vulnerable. Objectivity and necessary detachment need to be combined and balanced with the subjectivity and warmth of fellow feeling as true compassion. Here is the meaning of agape, the Judeo-Christian concept of altruistic love, stemming from the all-embracing Thou, the root of Buber’s understanding for the me and the you in human relationship. Kant also does not escape the grounding of Judaeo-Christian tradition. His view of morality is influenced by it. Kant although chooses to try and escape the theological imperative and ground his categorical imperative in human rationality alone, as a result of this his moral position could not be grounded. We need to question both extentialist, Noddings and rationalist Kant about † why’, why should we care? Nietzsche asked the same to Kant’s approach. If our moral outlook is independent of external and objective norms-or perhaps s Gilligan suggests, we become more mature and less abolitionist in our moral understanding – then the effect it is up to us to make our own morality, in that case one is better than other, this is the matter of personal preference. You read "Historical Perspective of Ethics of Care" in category "Papers" Nietzsche emphasized on personal empowerment, by getting rid of all the constraints of traditional morality that held them back fr om actualizing their true potentials. . As per them, God is Myth, so the idea of morality influenced by the outdated notion should be thrown off. The restriction imposed by the Judaeo-Christian should also be thrown off and one new to take his/her life the way one wants. Nietzsche calls for re-definition of the values and concept of care. As per their view ‘ The sick man is a parasite of society. In a certain stage it is indecent to live longer. To go on vegetating in cowardly dependence on physician and machinations, after the meaning of life, the right to life, has been lost, that ought to prompt a profound contempt of society. It may be more ‘caring’ not to ‘care’. The view of re-shaping of the values of society and attitudes of the members of society is further elaborated by the modernist and post modernist philosophy from Heidegger to Foucault. Ethics of Care in Islam In Islam the ethics of care is discussed . Professor Serour, discussing the Islamic perspective, recalls that the first known documents dealing with medical ethics are Egyptian papyri (16th century BC) in which, as long the doctor followed the rules, they were held to be non- culpable, should the patient die. If the doctor transgressed the rules and the patient dies, the doctor paid with his life. Hammurabi set fees according to the social status of the patient. Codes were laid down for physicians and surgeons. Serour cautions those who presume to judge acts of others from a different culture. Ethics is based on moral, philosophic and religious principles of the society in which they are practised. Ethics may differ from one culture to another. He also counsels those with a strong religious background to differentiate between medical ethics and humanitarian considerations on the one hand and religious teachings and national laws on the other. What is legal might not be ethical. The law rarely establishes positive duties such as beneficence and can be, and is, used not only to deny justice but also to deny respect to persons and to do harm. Serour emphasises that ethical norms are guidelines. The context must govern judgement. He adds a fifth principle: The human being should not be subject to commercial exploitation. Islam is governed by the Sharia which, in turn is based, in chronological order, on the Holy Quran (the word of God), the Sunna and Hadith (sayings of the Prophet Mahomet developed by jurists), the unanimous opinion of Islamic scholars or Aimma (Igmaah) and finally, by analogy (Kias). If an instruction on a certain issue is provided in the Quran, it is the one to be followed. Islam permits flexibility, adaptation to the necessities of life and shifts in ethical stands based on the current culture. Dr. K. Zaki Hasan describes Unani medicine as a synthesis of the ancient Greek, Indian and Persian systems. Its practitioners, along with the teacher and cleric shared a common role and culture with a primary social, not monetary, objective. Indian philosophers on Ethics of care: Indian philosophers consider the ethical implications of the Indian classical theories of Karma(Action and Habit) These theories usually proposes rebirth – that is , reincarnation in a human or animal form, in this world rather world, Since, on the presumption of karma, the nature of one’s deeds determines one’s future state, the universe includes laws of moral payback. Indian classical philosophers weave numerous variations on such views into the overall stances, including Budhdhist,Vedantic, Logis and Carvaka views Ancient Indian thoughts, philosophy developed with rational synthesis , spirituality was the foundation of Indian culture. The fundamental basis of ethics arises from the Hindu belief that we all are art of the divine ‘Parmatman’. According to Vedas(4000 BC to 1000 BC), the call to love your neighbor as yourself is â€Å"because they neighbor is in in truth they very self and what seperates you from him is mere illusion(maya). Closely allied to Hinduism are Budhdhism and Jainsim. These religion proclaim â€Å"Ahimsa† as ‘Saarvatha sarvada sarvabutananz anabhidroha,’ a complete absence of ill-will to all beings. The ultimate aim is for our Atman to coalesce with Parmatman or Brahman to become one. According to the Vedas (4000 RC to 1000 BC), the call to love your neighbour as yourself is ‘because thy neighbour is in truth thy very self and what separates you from him is mere illusion (maya). ’ Closely allied to Hinduism are Jainism and Buddhism. These religions proclaim Ahimsa Paramo Dharma. Most important of all our actions is alzinzsn, non- violence. Patanjali defined ahimsa as Sarvatha sarvada sarvabutananz anabhidroha(1) , a complete absence of ill- will to all beings. Ayurveda is the ancient science of life. It lays down the principles of management in health and disease and the code of conduct for the physician. Charaka has described the objective of medicine as two fold; preservation of good health and combating disease. (2) Ayurveda emphasised the need for healthy life- style; cleanliness and purity, good diet, proper behaviour, and mental and physical discipline. Purity and cleanliness were to be observed in everything: jalasuddi (pure water), aharasuddi (clean food), dehasuddi (clean body), manasuddi (pure mind) and desasuddi (clean environment). Ayurveda calls upon the physician to treat the patient as a whole: ‘Dividho jayate vyadih, Sariro manasasthatha, Parasparanz tavorjanma, Nirdvadvam nopalahhyate. (Diseases occur both physically and mentally and even though each part might be dominant, they cannot be compartmentalised). Ayurveda treats man as a whole body, mind and what is beyond mind. The earliest protagonists of Indian Medicine, such as Atreya, Kashyapa, Bhela, Charaka and Susruta have based their writings on the foundations of spiritual philosophy and ethics. But the one teacher of Ayurveda who established the science on the foundation of spirituality and ethics was Vagbhata, the author of Astanga Hridaya(3) . Vagbhata says:Sukarthah sarvabutanam, Matah sarvah pravarthayah, Sukham ca na vina dharmat, thasmad dharmaparo bhavet_( All activities of man are directed to the end of attaining happiness, whereas happiness is never achieved without righteousness. It is the bounden duty of man to be righteous in his action). Charaka Samhita prescribes an elaborate code of conduct. The medical profession has to be motivated by compassion for living beings (bhuta- daya)â€Å". Charaka’s humanistic ideal becomes evident in his advice to the physicians’. He who practices not for money nor for caprice but out of compassion for living beings (bhuta- daya), is the best among all physicians. Hard is it to find a conferor of religious blessings comparable to the physician who snaps the snares of death for his patients. The physician who regards compassion for living beings as the highest religion fulfils his mission (sidhartah) and obtains the highest happiness. How to cite Historical Perspective of Ethics of Care, Papers

Controversy on the Mixing of African and Cuban Culture free essay sample

The personal narratives, â€Å"Afrocubanismo and Son† by Robin Moore, â€Å"Dance and Social Change, â€Å"Rumba† by Yvonne Daniel, and â€Å"Buena Vista Social Club† by Dir. Wim Wenders offer an extensive look at the Afro-Cuban music and dance. Moore writes his article based on the Son. Son is a mixture of African and Spanish influence. Daniel in both of her articles talks about rumba, which is a dance and music genre that originated in Cuba in the mid 1800s. She talks about the different kinds of rumba, which are the Yambu, the Guaguaco, and the vacunao. Wenders is providing us with an image of how Cuban musicians play their music, providing us with some the most popular songs from Cuba. Thousands of African slaves were brought to Cuba, and although treated like animals, their music has had a major influence on Cuban that any other type of music from other countries, creating a bond between both cultures. We will write a custom essay sample on Controversy on the Mixing of African and Cuban Culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I found all three articles very informative. Moore, Daniel, and Wenders exposed a number of new information into my mind, and maybe into any other individual that didn’t had much knowledge about Cuban music and dance. As an example, I hadn’t thought about the fact that after much discrimination against Africans, they were going to end up mixing their music and dance with African music and dance. I really like the fact that Cubans ended up accepting part of Africans Culture. Although, we see that the government in many occasion prohibited the people to play the Son and many other influences from African Culture, it was not enough from them to stop the people from mixing both cultures. We also see in â€Å"Buena Vista Social Club† a man who brings together a group of mostly aging and forgotten artists. I don’t like the fact that political events and social issues have played a role in the segregation of these artists. I don’t believe that those people should have been discriminated in such way just because they were mixing both cultures. As the slaves were able to buy their freedom an increased interaction and ethnic mixing among Cubans and Africans was the result. As I was reading that both cultures began to combine, it came to my mind that African people really have a nice heart because by uniting with Cubans they are demonstrating that they had forgiven all the suffering they went through. An example of they unity is the son, and the different kinds of rumba mentioned by Daniel and Moore. We see that the people that were coming together were mostly from working class Cubans and Africans. I find it shameful that most rich people weren’t accepting African culture, and to make it worse ended up making people like those musicians that we see in Buena Vista to be forgotten. In reading Daniel’s articles, I was able to see how people enjoy dancing rumba and many other kinds of dances. And how people especially among the working class uses dancing and music as a way to blow off steam and have fun. Now, I can see why African were always dancing and singing, because that way they could forget about the pain and suffering that they were going through. I didn’t like the fact that the government was calling most of the dancing and music from Africa â€Å"immortal†. I don’t believe that it was appropriated to call their dancing that way. In conclusion, although there was a lot of controversy on the mixing of both cultures, it wasn’t enough to stop the people from mixing it. It was like a destiny meant by God to mix those cultures, to create not just Afro-Cuban culture, but Cuban Culture.